Basic Life support (BLS) following by Advanced cardiac Life support (ACLS) is intended to rescue the patients with acute circulatory or respiratory failure or both. The most important determinant of short and long-term neurologically intact survival is the interval from the onset of the cardiac or respiratory onset to restoration of effective spontaneous functions of these vital activities.It is commonly accepted that every physician, regardless of specialty, should be able to  perform CPR. It must be also emphasized that CPR, almost invariably, necessitates a rapid interventional follow-care with ACLS procedure.Without well-performed basic Life support, advanced cardiac Life support is of no remark-: able benefit, BLS and ACLS are processes that must be performed step by step and with respect to the patient's condition.

ABSTRACT Considering the concept of quality of Life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of Life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of Life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of Life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of Life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of Life. So, the indicators affecting the quality of Life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of Life; this shows that the Quality of Life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of Life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of quality of Life equally in all cities has caused the level of quality of Life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On the other hand, considering the concept of quality of Life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of Life. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the quality of Life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the quality of Life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of Life, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the quality of Life in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the quality of Life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of Life in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the quality of Life. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as Life expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the quality of Life. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural Life, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the quality of Life. Following this, according to the above findings, quality of Life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the quality of Life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the quality of Life to be different. Therefore, considering the quality of Life and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the quality of Life and the failure of quality of Life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that quality of Life is a simple concept covering various urban Life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban Life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of quality of Life and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the quality of Life for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of Life; this shows that the quality of Life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for Life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in Life gives Life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in Life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in Life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of Life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in Life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in Life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an experimental and control group (n=30 each). The experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

Context and Purpose: According to the concept of the customer Life cycle, customers go through three stages in their relationship with companies: attraction, retention, and development; and companies should develop strategies for each of these stages. Customer development in the field of tourism represents earning more income from the tourists’ travel duration and cost. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the variables of gender, age, marital status, education, number of trips, travel arrangement, travel companions, place of residence, and religion on the travel duration and cost of incoming tourists to Iran.Design/methodology/approach: The present study is descriptive applied research. Data were collected using an online questionnaire in Persian, English, and Arabic from 321 foreign tourists traveling to Iran, and analyzed using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test in SPSS software.Findings: The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, number of trips, method of travel arrangement, place of residence, and travel duration development; And the variables of religion, number of trips, place of residence, and travel cost development.Conclusion: Destination marketers and tourism destination managers can increase overall tourism revenue by identifying and targeting tourists who are more likely to extend their trip and offering incentives to increase the likelihood of extending their trip.Originality/value: Most studies in the field of tourism marketing, especially in Iran, have focused on attracting and retaining tourists, and limited studies have addressed the expansion of travel duration and cost. Also, in the present study, for the first time, the effect of religion on the expansion of travel duration and cost has been investigated.